Showing posts with label hair loss. Show all posts
Showing posts with label hair loss. Show all posts

Wednesday, November 25, 2020

Do Genes Play a Role in Hair Loss?

There various factors that affects hair leading to hair loss. Let’s hear what the best hair transplant clinic in Kolkata has to say about it.


Hair loss can happen due to climate, diet, water, pollution and many more. But out of all these one of the prime reason of hair loss can be your genetics. If either of your parents has a tendency of hair loss there is a probability that you may have carried down that gene. It’s not mandatory that if either of your parent suffer from hairloss then you will obviously suffer from it but yes, genes do play a role in hair loss.



Not only you can inherit the same pattern of hair loss but the also the sensitivity of DHT (dihrotestosterone). It is a component which is distant cousin of testosterone which changes the hair cycle and eventuallyleads to thinning of hair and damaged hair follicles.

A myth goes around that you can only get your hair loss genetically if it comes from your mother’s side but it is not true. You can have hair loss genetically even from your father’s side.

Now when it comes to hair loss, the loss is generally permanent and not much treatment can be done about it. Using Minoxidil and Finasteride can slow down the fall the hair fall but is not a permanent solution.

Hereditary hair loss is a normal part of the ageing process. However, when baldness occurs suddenly or early in life it can be distressing. Hair loss is particularly upsetting for women.

So if you think you are suffering from hereditary hair loss, the time has come to visit the best hair transplant clinic in Kolkata and know more about it. So that you can carefully take your next steps.





Thursday, September 10, 2020

How does Finasteride Change DHT Levels?

 



As men get older they tend to lose more hair and also experience male pattern baldness. So they check for many hair transplant reviews and choose the best hair transplant clinic in kolkata. Biologically male pattern balding is known as androgenic alopecia. Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) is an androgen which is a sex hormone and it contributes to the development of male sex characteristics. But sometimes this hormone can make you lose your scalp hair faster and earlier. 

To stop the male pattern baldness there is a medicine called finasteride which can help in changing the DHT levels. This medicine is commonly used in hair transplant in Kolkata and all over the world. Read on more to know about finasteride and how it works in changing the DHT levels.


Finasteride – how it works?

Finasteride blocks an enzyme called Type II 5alpha -reductase which is responsible for converting the testosterone into dihydrotestosterone. This can result in increasing the level of testosterone and decreasing the level of DHT.

If the level of DHT is increasing then it can also result in benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer. The men with androgenetic alopecia have been found to have high amounts of DHT and also they have miniaturized hair follicles. Finasteride reduces the level of DHT in the scalp and helps in preventing the hair loss for men who experience male pattern baldness.

The men with male pattern baldness use finasteride daily from 4 weeks before until 48 weeks after the hair transplant process. This helps to increase the scalp hair and also increases the hair density.



Bottom line

Finasteride has to be taken orally only after it is prescribed by the doctor. Finasteride 5mg is effective in treating the symptoms and it can delay the progression of BHP. Taking finasteride 1mg can also help in reducing the hair loss in men as it plays a major role in changing the DHT levels.

 

Tuesday, September 8, 2020

The Myths about Finasteride and Gynecomastia

 


Gynecomastia is otherwise known as enlargement of breast tissues in males. In recent days there are several factors leads to this symptom. The issue affects the testosterone production which is the male hormones reason for the development of hair growth and sexual drive in men. It also causes several other health hazards like, tumors in adrenal glands, testes or pituitary gland, thyroid gland, along with liver and kidney issues.


Finasteride myths:

The finasteride can be taken based on the doctor’s prescription right from 1mg to 5mg. you should take this drug on your own which may cause several side effects.

Finasteride will show its effect only after 2-4 months so gynecomastia can be developed in early few weeks and it is also between 1 to 2 years.Once you develop this phenomenon it is advisable to consult with doctor and take further remedy to control this.

After introducing finasteride to gynecomastia it can start with breast tenderness or even sometimes pain. Thus it is important to watch these kinds of effects that can cause even prior to any actual enlargement.



The lower dosage induced gynecomastia is likely to be higher than occurs by any dosage. The concept of dosage reaction is essential to be administered because it means that for some men with .5 mg daily will associate with the work that is at lower risk of gynecomastia.

You may also get the chances for reverse when finasteride induced in gynecomastia therapy if it has been stopped in the early stages so you can get the treatment for other process like fue hair transplant.


Bottom line:

These are some of the myths of finasteride including gynecomastia. As like hair transplant in Kolkata there are also surgeons who will provide the perfect treatment to cure these issues.



Saturday, September 5, 2020

Are We Seeing More Young Males with Balding?

 


Most of the young men and teenagers often notice that their hair becoming thinner because of hair loss. The major cause for this will lead to the pattern of male baldness. This is the most common reason for hair loss for many young men. Kolkata is a well-known place famous for the success rate of hair transplantation. If you are experiencing the male pattern baldness, then hair transplant in Kolkata is the destination for you to provide health care for your hair. 

What are the causes?

The type of male pattern baldness is known medically as Androgenetic alopecia. So the hair fall in males mainly occurs by the combination of hormones and genetics features that they possess genetically. The male hormones help to develop all the male sexual physical features along with hair growth. The main cause for the baldness in male is because of the genetic pattern. The best solution for this is hair transplant surgery. You can get rid of baldness issue easily. 



Symptoms of Male Pattern Baldness:

It is said to be male pattern baldness because the hair falls from the scalp is in the usual pattern for most of the males. The will be hair loss and your hair gets thinner in the temple region. Receding of hair occur which is the hair in your front part get receding slowly which leads to baldness. This is the reason for your complete baldness. After front part, hair loss will occur along the top of your head. Slowly it leads to the hair fall along the backside of your head. 

Wrapping Up

If you are concerned about the growth of your hair getting rid of baldness, taking proper care is the best solution. All the males getting treatment at their young age will increase the overall hair transplant success rate that helps to overcome the baldness at a young age. 

 

 

Friday, September 4, 2020

Aggressive Hair Shedding in Young Males: More than Just a "Telogen Effluvium"



Telogen effluvium is the falling of hair for a temporary period. This usually occurs after stress or shock that occurs after a traumatic event. This is not so severe as compared to excessive hair loss in young males. If you are getting bald you might feel that you are losing your identity to some extent. You should contact the best hair transplant clinic in Kolkata to avoid excessive hair loss. Here are some of the common causes of hair fall in young men.


Cause of medications:

Some of the chemotherapy drugs or anticoagulant causes aggressive hair fall. In that case, once the medication of such disease like cancer is stopped, hair growth usually returns. Some of the anti-depressants will be the reason for hair loss and when the body gets too much of vitamin A, this also leads to the same problem. If you are facing the similar problem, then search for "hair transplant near me" on online to get treatment for your hair. You will be directed to the best hair care clinic for your hair related treatments.


Imbalance in Hormones:

The hormone that is responsible for muscle growth and sex drive is testosterone. As a biological reaction, when the body converts testosterone to a less useful DHT, then excessive hair loss occurs. This DHT attacks the hair follicle and shrinks the hair follicle that tightens it and as a result, you will witness hair loss.


Stress:

If you are facing a lot of pressure at work or home, you might notice that your hair gets excessive fall. An excessive amount of physical or mental stress can even stop your natural hair growth.


Wrapping up:

If you are facing an aggressive hair growth and hair shedding, through the better hair transplant process, you can diagnose the major cause of your hair fall.



 

 

 

Thursday, September 3, 2020

Things to Know about Hairline Maturation of Males

For adults the hairline that grows in called mature hairlines. This process usually takes place in late teenage that is typically between the ages of 17 to 29. Hairline maturation is a natural process and every male will undergo in the same way.



It is a matter of fact that only fewer men retain their juvenile hairline. This happens simultaneously when the adult male body grows. Kolkata is known for its exclusive transplantation. You can consult with the best hair transplant clinic in Kolkata if you are facing hairline maturity.

Hairline maturity is a part and parcel of the aging process of males. If it happens, you need not panic about the process. You need to treat it as a chance to educate yourself by getting to know about the natural stages of adulthood and its consequence.


Biological Process:

The basic reason for hairline mature is because of the change of hormones that happens in your body. Specialists believe that the sex hormone commonly known as DHT is interlinked with hairline maturation. This is the main reason for the cause of hair follicle reduction and it is the possible cause for hairline maturation. If the DHT level in the body is high, this leads to great hair loss.


Natural Process:

Hairline mature is a normal process as your age goes on. Like any other physical development in the body, hairline gets matured. It is a natural phenomenon and there’s nothing to stress. This is like your hair turning into silver as the age goes on.

It is believed that 90 percent of white men will have a mature hairline when they reach the second half of their life. You can consult a best hair care doctor for treatment.  Apart from this you can also maintain your hair by eating healthy diet. Consuming healthy diets can give your hair more antioxidants that help for hair growth.



Wrapping Up:

Since it is a very natural process for men, you need not be terror-stricken at the sight of your maturing hair. There are certain medications that are commonly prescribed for hair growth. Some of the topical is also available for preventing hair fall and for hair growth.

 


Thursday, August 6, 2020

Does Specialized Shampoo Stop Hair Fall or is it Just a Way of Marketing?




Are you on the hunt for a product that can reduce your hair fall and promote hair growth? If yes, then it is not surprising because two-third of men are on the risk of going bald by the age of 35. And every one of them is looking for a specialized shampoo that can be a solution for it. And with these aspects, lots of brands and companies are launching anti-hair fall shampoo, anti-DHT shampoo, and much more to use the situation.


But it doesn’t mean shampoos don't work at all. It works only for certain problems. But if you are suffering from male pattern baldness go for the best hair transplant clinic in Kolkata as they have the best surgeons in India.

Do specialized shampoos really work?

This is a question that is surfing among people for decades. But according to leading doctors, shampoos work only if you have a scalp condition. For example, if you are undergoing hair fall due to Seborrheic Dermatitis that is dandruff or psoriasis, shampoos work. These shampoos reduce inflammation and reduce hair fall.
But shampoos are not effective in reducing hair fall due to androgenic alopecia that is male pattern baldness. This is because the specialized shampoos that claim to have ant-DHT property don’t work in most cases.



Why do anti-DHT shampoos don’t work?

The anti-DHT shampoo does not react with dihydroxy testosterone that results in the degradation of the hair follicles. As the shampoos have very little contact time it does not block DHT hormone from binding to the hair follicles and prevent the degradation of hair follicles. You might wonder why ketoconazole shampoos work; this is because the antifungal agents act on the yeast that is on the scalp. For treating male pattern baldness, medicines like Minoxidil and Finasteride are useful. Apart from this, the most effective and popular method is hair transplantation.


Bottom line:
Shampoos work in mild cases when the hair fall is due to a scalp condition. Identifying the root cause of hair fall is the best way to treat it. Take a doctor’s consultation before using specialized shampoos to treat an unknown hair fall problem.




Wednesday, July 8, 2020

How to Accelerate your Hair Development after Hair Transplant Medical Procedure




The developing worry of going bald has constrained numerous individuals to decide on a going bald treatment, which is the significant motivation behind why hair transplant in Kolkata is getting progressively normal. Be that as it may, it ought to be noticed that hair rebuilding medical procedure or hair transplant is a surgery and not a wonder.


Along these lines, it is critical for each individual experiencing the medical procedure to stay persistent for the hair development as the outcomes require some investment and can fluctuate from individual to individual.


Below mentioned are a few points which will assist you with accelerating your hair development after hair transplant:

Tenderly treat your scalp with the meds recommended by the specialist to abstain from harming the segments of transplanted hair. When the specialist grants, utilize a delicate cleanser to clean the region around hair follicles and dodge rough developments. Rather than scouring, pat your scalp dry subsequent to washing.


Tingling and scabbing are regular eventual outcomes of hair transplant medical procedure. Abstain from scratching your scalp and keep your fingers inaccessible to guarantee legitimate recuperating.


Avoid physical exercises, for example, running, open air sports, and so forth for at any rate 10-12 days present medical procedure on forestall the recently transplant hair from dropping out of the scalp.


According to the College of Maryland Clinical Center, tenderly rubbing your hair by blending three drops of basic oils, for example, rosemary, peppermint and sage with one teaspoon of olive oil has an essentially positive effect on hair development.


Expending in any event 2-3 liters of water for every day is an unquestionable requirement for expelling poisons from the body and wiping out the malady causing microscopic organisms through pee. As poisons are annihilated, the body will have the option to concentrate more on your scalp prompting quicker hair development.


An even, iron and protein-rich eating regimen with every single basic supplement, including vegetables, for example, broccoli, beans, and hostile to oxidant nourishments like blueberries, cherries, tomatoes, and so on help animate hair development. Stay away from nourishments whose added substances can prompt unfavorably susceptible responses like soy, dairy items.


Nutrients are fundamental for accelerating the hair development process. In light of your primary care physician's recommendation, expend Nutrient B6 containers every day to upgrade the quality of your hair just as increment the pace of hair development.


Adhering to the specialist's guidelines is basic to get best outcomes post your hair transplant medical procedure. Additionally, guarantee completing your going bald treatment by the best hair transplant specialists in India who can give durable profits for your speculation. The medical procedure fills in as a distinct advantage and is known to improve the confidence and social remaining of each and every individual who experiences it.



Saturday, July 4, 2020

How does Hair Loss Mentally Effect People?






Going bald is one of the serious issues which has influenced the greater part of the total populace. Prior the condition was for the most part observed in developed grown-ups, however it has now become a developing concern in any event, for youngsters and youthful grown-ups, affecting the two people.

Melancholy, uneasiness, social fears and suspicious issue are a portion of the basic qualities of individuals experiencing going bald. It is an undisguised and undertreated issue as very few individuals are happy with talking about it transparently.

According to an examination, it is accepted that most ladies lose around 100 strands of hair for each day. Balding frequently accompanies a social disgrace connected for ladies. Studies have demonstrated that around 40% of ladies experiencing alopecia or different types of balding believe it to be the greatest factor for their upset individual connections. Out of these, an expected 63% ladies feel that going bald has contrarily affected their expert life and occupation possibilities.



The treacherous society regularly makes a decision about ladies by their physical appearances, which is the reason the mental effect of going bald is more serious in ladies than men. According to the best hair transplant clinic in Kolkata, ladies needing to experience balding treatment are versatile in discussing the issue straightforwardly.

A few investigations have demonstrated that men experiencing male example hair sparseness and alopecia are less similar to get recruited as businesses feel that it gives a negative picture of their organization. Around 75% of men experiencing going bald have detailed of having low fearlessness while associating with the other gender.

Measurements have likewise demonstrated male example hair sparseness to be a central point in making a few men socially, explicitly, and expertly less attractive.



The mental impacts of male example sparseness go past simply affecting the confidence of men and can prompt various psychological maladjustments, for example, body dysmorphic clutters, and so on. This can even bring about impotency and erectile brokenness further compounding the general existence of men.

Aside from this, expanded feelings of anxiety in everyday life are a typical reaction of balding. With the fast progression of innovation and decreasing hair transplant cost, hair rebuilding medical procedure is turning into a well known decision for the two people in India.

Hair transplant in Kolkata is performed by the best hair masters who have a rich involvement with both male and female going bald treatment. The treatment is a groundbreaking system and can help your fearlessness more than ever.



Friday, July 3, 2020

Few Tips to Style your Hair after a Hair Transplant Medical Procedure




Hair Transplant has gotten a much discussed subject today, and why not, it is after every one of the a groundbreaking methodology. The main thing that comes into the psyche of any individual who experiences a hair transplantation medical procedure is the manner by which to mess with their hair once the technique is at last finished. Pause, you have to offer a reprieve here!


While your fervor of styling your new hair quickly is supported, the best hair transplant clinic in Kolkata suggests a couple of key things you have to make note of. Peruse a portion of the significant focuses underneath:


Results are not Visible Overnight:
Persistence is the key here. The recently transplanted hair will undoubtedly at first drop out after the strategy and it will take anyplace between 3-6 months for new lasting hair to develop. You'll begin seeing thicker hair in the following after months.

Shampoo:
The eagerness of shampooing your hair after the medical procedure will be on a high. In any case, hair transplant specialists emphatically prescribe not to do as such for in any event two days except if it is performed under the oversight of a clinical expert. Cleanser your hair simply after the specialist offers you a go-ahead and start with a child cleanser or mellow recipe as added substances and cruel cleansers can disturb the unions.

Heat Treatment:
The new joins at the benefactor site will be numb for at any rate seven days following the medical procedure. Evade the utilization of hair dryer for quite a while as the warmth from the dryer can harm the recuperating procedure of hair follicles and you may wind up consuming your hair without feeling it.



Hair Color and Synthetics:
Use them before the medical procedure, not afterward. The recently transplanted hair follicles are delicate and increasingly inclined to antagonistically responding with hair colors and different synthetic concoctions. Hair transplant experts ordinarily suggest avoiding synthetics for in any event three weeks post-medical procedure.

Styling Tip:
Since perpetual hair re-growth is a period taking procedure, you'll need to hang tight for some time before exploring different avenues regarding your hair. There may be a need to change your hairdo so as to oblige recently conceived hair. Ordinarily, you can begin applying hair splash or hair gel following fourteen days of medical procedure. Mousse can be especially useful in expanding the volume of your hair.


Hair transplant medical procedure can be an extraordinary lift for your fearlessness and anybody's life can change for the great after this method. Be that as it may, the bearings of the hair transplant specialist in kolkata ought to be remembered for best outcomes.


Thursday, July 2, 2020

Essential Vitamins and Minerals to Lift Hair Development




As unusual as it might sound, individuals love their hair more than some other piece of their body. While people are progressively experiencing male example hairlessness and female example sparseness separately, sufficient admission of certain fundamental nutrients and minerals is critical to help hair development.

Vitamin A:
Being plentiful in cell reinforcements, Nutrient A forestalls balding, and furthermore gives your hair a shinier and more advantageous look. Expend nourishments like yams, carrots, pumpkin, milk, peaches, mangoes, and so on to keep your Nutrient an admission high and your scalp saturated.

Vitamin E:
With rich cancer prevention agent and saturating properties, Nutrient E is perhaps the best nutrient to support hair development. It builds the blood and oxygen gracefully to the scalp, and is likewise helpful in fixing harmed hair follicles. Not many Nutrient E rich nourishments incorporate fish and meat, almonds and peanuts, sunflower vegetable oils, and verdant greens and organic products.

Vitamin C:
Having ground-breaking cell reinforcement properties, Nutrient C produces characteristic protein "collagen" and shields your hair from UV harm. It additionally advances hair development by battling free radicals which can make your hair weak and progressively inclined to harm. Expend nourishments, for example, strawberries, Brussels sprouts, oranges and grapefruits, and so forth to keep your Nutrient C admission high.



Vitamin D:
Nutrient D is gainful in fixing harmed hair and reestablishing your sound hair follicles. It makes your hair more grounded, more advantageous, and you can keep your Nutrient D admission high just by being under the sun for 15 minutes per day. Certain nourishments like Whitefish, Portabello mushrooms are additionally plentiful in Nutrient D.

Vitamin B3:
Nutrient B3 supports blood flow – blood flexibly, oxygen and supplements to the scalp and keeps your hair from getting dry, weak, and inclined to breakage. Being a water-dissolvable nutrient, it changes over food into vitality in the body, and you can expand your Nutrient B3 consumption by devouring nourishments like sunflower seeds, peanuts, mushrooms, crude green peas, and so on.

Zinc:
Probably the best mineral for boosting hair development, zinc is a significant advertiser of sound scalp cells. It helps battle the variables that go about as obstructions of hair development in individuals who experience the ill effects of alopecia. Barely any zinc-rich nourishment incorporate meat, pumpkin, fish, entire grains, sunflower seeds, and so forth.

Biotin:
Biotin is answerable for separating protein into amino acids, and is probably the best enhancement to help hair development. It is a piece of numerous hair care items, and can build the volume of hair. Keep your biotin admission high by expending nourishments like avocado, fish, nutty spread, eggs, berries, bananas, and so forth.

While hereditary qualities assumes a significant job in causing hair fall issue in individuals, lack of these basic nutrients and minerals can likewise hamper the hair development process. For individuals whose going bald is influencing their fearlessness and everyday lives, hair reclamation medical procedure or hair transplant in Kolkata is the most achievable choice. As the hair transplant cost is getting lesser, going bald treatment from the best hair transplant specialists is currently getting progressively reasonable for individuals.



Monday, June 29, 2020

Does Extreme Dieting Lead to Hair Loss?




The developing cognizance about physical appearance has made gyming and slimming down a basic piece of the day by day lives of individuals. While an ideal mix of activities and nutritious nourishments are basic for having a sound existence, recollect that absence of proteins, iron and other dietary enhancements can bring about balding. Deficiency of such supplements denies your hair of the ideal sustenance which in the end prompts going bald issue.


By and large, going bald from weight reduction is related with a condition known as telogen exhaust. There are three phases of hair cycle-anagen (development), catagen (middle of the road) and telogen (resting or shedding).


Typically, hair develops at a pace of about ½ inch every prior month it goes into the resting stage. About 10% of your hair will be in the resting stage during the standard cycle. Telogen emanation happens when over 10% of your hair fall upsetting your general hair cycle.


Going bald because of weight reduction is normal and transitory. Albeit a few going bald treatment are accessible to manage extraordinary going bald however scarcely any dietary and way of life changes can assist you with reviving your incidentally upset hair cycle:


>> Your hair structure is unpredictable and comprised of proteins. Expanding your protein consumption with nourishments, for example, fish, red meat and beans can successfully help you in invigorating the hair development process. Further, including nutrient A, C, iron and zinc in your eating routine arrangement will furnish you with every single fundamental nutrient and minerals that add to normalizing hair development.


>> Make nourishments, for example, eggs, spinach, organic products, carrots, nuts and entire grains a piece of your normal eating regimen as they can altogether help the hair development process.
>> Individuals confine their calorie utilization due to their exacting weight reduction plan. Ideal nourishment is critical to guarantee legitimate body activities. Absence of the essential calorie admission can prompt a few insufficiencies in the body.


>>Much the same as your body needs food, your hair requires supplements for better development. Guarantee your calorie admission is adequate to furnish your hair with every single fundamental supplement.


In case you're encountering going bald after weight reduction, don't freeze and comprehend that it's a typical procedure. Your hair follicles aren't harmed, they're attempting to acclimate to the changes. Then again, in case you're experiencing significant going bald issue, experiencing the best hair transplant in Kolkata at a portion of the best hair transplant clinic in kolkata can help you totally change your life.

Wednesday, June 24, 2020

7 Points Regarding Hair Loss Says by Best Hair Transplant Center in Kolkata



Balding is a characteristic wonder that influences countless individuals everywhere throughout the world. It can happen because of an assortment of reasons, for example, hereditary qualities, way of life, horrible eating routine, and other wellbeing conditions.

While the condition can be switched, numerous individuals are as yet encircled by different fantasies that confine them from accomplishing the ideal hair development. A portion of the normal male pattern baldness fantasies are:


1. Balding is acquired from either the mother, father, or grandparents:
You can acquire balding attributes from both of your folks' qualities. As per some exploration, male pattern baldness happens because of the communication between different qualities acquired from both the guardians.


2. Male pattern baldness medicines are not powerful:
This is perhaps the greatest legend that prevents individuals from getting their lost hair just as certainty back. In spite of the legend, there are different successful male pattern baldness medicines accessible at the best hair transplant clinic in Kolkata that can guarantee a characteristic looking hairline with flawlessness.


3. Dietary examples have no effect on male pattern baldness:
Crash diet or any eating regimen that is without basic nutrients, proteins, iron, and minerals can directly affect the vibe, quality, and presence of your hair.


4. Standard shampooing prompts male pattern baldness:
Shampooing is the most importantly step towards solid hair. It cleans your scalp and enables your locks to stay smooth and sparkly. In addition, shampooing just evacuates the hairs that have just gotten separated from the base of the hair follicles.



5. Trimming hair prompts hair development:
Trimming hair doesn't prompt more grounded or more fragile hair. As hair is a non-suitable tissue, it can't be developed essentially by trimming. Despite the fact that the hair seems thicker because of the additional volume, the hair strands won't become fuller subsequent to trimming.


6. Caps cause hair loss:
Hair follicles don't expect air to inhale, they get their oxygen from the circulatory system. Therefore, wearing a cap doesn't cause hair loss. Nonetheless, wearing a tight cap can squeeze the head, prompting footing alopecia.


7. Culling one silver hair can prompt various silver hairs:
Silver hair happens when melanocytes quit delivering the shade (melanin) which is answerable for giving the hair its common shading. Notwithstanding, this doesn't imply that culling one silver hair can prompt different silver hairs growing from the head.

Try not to fall prey to the previously mentioned male pattern baldness fantasies. In case you're experiencing male pattern baldness, visiting the best hair transplant center in Kolkata can end up being profoundly advantageous for your hair wellbeing.